Study Maps Extroversion Types In The Brain’s Anatomy

In this study, subjects were first screened for mental and physical health and then were given standard personality  tests that measured scores of both kinds of extroversion (psychologists call the people persons “affiliative” and the go-getters “agentic” (a-JEN-tick).

The subjects then underwent MRI scans designed to detect the volume of gray matter in different regions of their brain. From the psychological literature on extroversion, White and lead author Erica Grodin, a graduate student, knew they wanted to look in regions of interest such as the medial orbitofrontal cortex, which is involved in making choices based on reward, but they also cast a broader net  of analysis across the whole brain using a technique called voxel-based morphometry. As expected, they found that higher degrees of either kind of extroversion significantly correlated with higher gray matter volumes in the right and left medial orbitofrontal cortex, even after controlling for possible confounding factors such as age. But among the people with higher agentic extroversion scores, they also found several other regions that had significantly larger gray matter volumes: the parahippocampal gyrus (involved in learning and memory for reward); the precentral gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and caudate (involved  in the cognitive control of behavior and the initiation, planning, and execution of voluntary movement toward goals); and, among the men in the study, the nucleus accumbens (involved in incentive reward).

So while both kinds of extroverts had higher volumes in one key brain region, agentic extroverts also had higher volumes in several other areas. White and Grodin found many of those other areas through the VBM analysis of the whole brain.

The authors caution that the study shows only an association, not whether or how larger volumes result in the personality traits. It also does not explain when larger volumes develop — for example, whether people are born with or acquire the larger volumes associated with either extroversion tendency. But with further research, the new data could help scientists to better understand changes in emotionality over time.

“[The] findings provide a developmental benchmark from which to better understand the etiology of problems in agentic extroversion and affiliative extroversion, such as can occur in normal aging and neurodegenerative disease,” Grodin and White wrote.
This research was supported by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA R01 020725, DA R21 029189), the Lifespan/Tufts/Brown Center for AIDS Research, the Foundation for Alcohol Research, and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA P01 019072).